Definition
Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.
Formula of Verbal Sentence:
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + V3
(- ) SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
(? ) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?
Example:
+ She had put my book on the table last nigth.
- She had not put my book on the table last night.
? Had she put my book on the table last night?
Formula of Nominal Sentence
(+ )SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB
(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB
(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?
Example:
+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.
- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?
**note**
I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = they’d
He had = he’d
She had = She’d
It had = It’d
Sabtu, 24 November 2012
PAST CONTINOUS
Basic form
Quick examples
- The man was singing.
- I was resting in the garden when it started to rain.
Use
- Duration in the past
- Interrupted actions in progress
- Actions in progress at the same time in the past
- Irritation
- Polite question
example:
1. I was watching TV yesterday in the evening.
2. I was talking with James when the telephone rang.
3.When Bob was painting windows, Mary was working in the kitchen.
4. I was thinking you might help me with this problem.
5. She was always coming late for dinner!
PAST TENSE
Past Tense
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.
Past tense is used :
* When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
* For a non-fact in the present or future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.
Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a plane
* To refer a single event on the past
Example : I called Mary last night.
* The past habitual action.
Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experiences
The Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc
* Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.
Example : She worked at the office yesterday.
* A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.
Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.
Question sentence are started with did as in Did she work at the office yesterday ?
Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
( - ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ? ) Did + subject + verb I ?
Nominal
2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?
Past Continuonus Tense
Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it expresses longer actions in the past.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement
( - ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.
Past tense is used :
* When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past
* For a non-fact in the present or future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.
Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a plane
* To refer a single event on the past
Example : I called Mary last night.
* The past habitual action.
Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experiences
The Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc
* Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word.
Example : She worked at the office yesterday.
* A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form.
Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.
Question sentence are started with did as in Did she work at the office yesterday ?
Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
( - ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ? ) Did + subject + verb I ?
Nominal
2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?
Past Continuonus Tense
Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it expresses longer actions in the past.
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement
( - ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?
Recount Text
Definition Recount Text
Recount text is used to retell about activity / action in the past to inform or to entertain.
The generic structure :
1). Orientation : Who – What – Where – When.
2). Events : The series of events.
3). Re-orientation : A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.
The characteristics of Recount Text :
• Using the simple past tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, and Past Perfect Tense, Perfect Continuous Tense.
Example :
Last year, I left New Zealand for Bunaken Island. I went there with a group of New Zealand divers. Getting there was not quite easy.
Event 1 :
Soon after our arrival at Bunaken, we got a general briefing. It included a description about how to make pictures under water.
Event 2 :
Then we began our diving. In our diving, we saw groups of tiny fish. In order to identify them, we needed a good guide. Without some knowledge of their habitat and behavior, it was difficult to identify.
Re-orientation :
In summary, the trip was mostly enjoyable. This place is so impressive with its marine life.
Recount text is used to retell about activity / action in the past to inform or to entertain.
The generic structure :
1). Orientation : Who – What – Where – When.
2). Events : The series of events.
3). Re-orientation : A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.
The characteristics of Recount Text :
• Using the simple past tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, and Past Perfect Tense, Perfect Continuous Tense.
Example :
Diving in Bunaken Island
Orientation :Last year, I left New Zealand for Bunaken Island. I went there with a group of New Zealand divers. Getting there was not quite easy.
Event 1 :
Soon after our arrival at Bunaken, we got a general briefing. It included a description about how to make pictures under water.
Event 2 :
Then we began our diving. In our diving, we saw groups of tiny fish. In order to identify them, we needed a good guide. Without some knowledge of their habitat and behavior, it was difficult to identify.
Re-orientation :
In summary, the trip was mostly enjoyable. This place is so impressive with its marine life.
Procedure Text
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This next uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
The Generic Structure :
• Aim / Goal : The title of the text.
• Materials : The ingredients and utensils to do the instructions,
but not required for all procedure texts.
• Steps : A set of instructions to do the activity.
The Characteristics of Procedure Text :
• Using the simple present tense, often imperative sentence.
• Using the temporal conjuctions, such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
• Using actions verbs, such as turn on, stir, hold up, open, etc.
Example :
“ Sandwich “
Ingredients :• 2 slices of bread.
• Peanut butter.
• A banana.
• Honey.
Steps :
• Take two slices of bread.
• Spread peanut butter.
• Cut up a banana onto small slices and
• Put them on one of the slices.
• Pour some honey over the bananas.
• Put the other slice of bread on top.
Narrative text
Narrative text. We ever study this topic on first semester. Yeah, narrative text is a text that tells a story such as legend, fairy tales, fable, etc. In order to entertain, stimulate emotion, or to teach. This text is using verb 2.
Generic structure of Narrative Text :
Orientation : Introduces main characters in a setting of place and time.
Complication : Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve it.
Resolution : Tells the ending of the story.
this is the example of narrative text:
The Myth of Malin Kundang
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach inWest Sumatra , a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone
Generic structure of Narrative Text :
Orientation : Introduces main characters in a setting of place and time.
Complication : Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve it.
Resolution : Tells the ending of the story.
this is the example of narrative text:
The Myth of Malin Kundang
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone
Giving instrucsion
When we give instruction , we usually use a modal in an interrogative sentence.
We use 'will','would','can',or'could'with'you'to tell someone to do something.
For example :
Would you turn on the ignition key?
Could you slow down?
Didi, will you put the type writer on the table?
Instruction are always made more polite by adding 'please',I'm sorry,or'excuse me'.
For example :
Would you please turn on the fan?
Please close the door!
PROHIBITION
Don't stop here !
Don't turn on the ignition !
Don't turn on the fan !
Don't open the window !
The example expression of giving instruction :
Open your book !
Close the door , please !
Move the chair !
Open the window !
Pass me the sugar , please !
Stand up , please !
note: The tense used in giving intruction is " simple present "
We use 'will','would','can',or'could'with'you'to tell someone to do something.
For example :
Would you turn on the ignition key?
Could you slow down?
Didi, will you put the type writer on the table?
Instruction are always made more polite by adding 'please',I'm sorry,or'excuse me'.
For example :
Would you please turn on the fan?
Please close the door!
PROHIBITION
Don't stop here !
Don't turn on the ignition !
Don't turn on the fan !
Don't open the window !
The example expression of giving instruction :
Open your book !
Close the door , please !
Move the chair !
Open the window !
Pass me the sugar , please !
Stand up , please !
note: The tense used in giving intruction is " simple present "
Gaining attention
Asking for attention (formal) :
Excuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you.
May I have your attention, please?
Excuse me....
Sorry to trouble you.
Sorry to bother you.
Asking for attention (Informal) :
Look at me!!!!
Look what I’ve got here.
Look here.
Look!!!!
Hey!!!
Attention please......
Showing attention :
I see......
Tell me more about it.
Oh , yes...
Really?
Mmmmm....
Oh my god!!! What happens next?
Ahaaa...
And then what?
How interesting!!
What’s next?
I know what you mean...
Is that all?
Oh, oh.....
Indeed?
Well, well, well.....
Wow....
Example :
Kumiko : Attention please....
Kikyou : Oh yes.
Happiness Expressions
Definition of Happines Expressions :
Happiness Expressions is an expression that is used to show that someone or people one glad have excitid feelings .
What is Happiness ??
=) It is important first understand that the term "happiness" refers to the emotion, mood, and state of happiness, however researchers generally study the more enduring "state" .
=) Expressions is used to expressions happiness feelings when we are successful to do something .
What would you say to express you happiness ??
:: I'm happy because ..
:: Fantastic !
:: Great !
:: My life's fun of happy day .
:: You make me happy .
:: I'm so glad that you .
:: I like !
:: I love !
:: I'm statistied with ..
:: I'm pleased with ..
:: Congratulation !!
:: Exciting !!
We can Happiness Expressions of by :
=) Word (kata-kata)
=) Gestures (Gerakan)
ADVERTISMENT
DEFINITION OF ADVERTISMENT:
Advertisement is a communication whose is to inform potential costumers about to generic increased consumetion of those product and throught the creation and reinforcement often contain both factual information and persuasive massage. every major medium is used to deliver these.
Massage, including, television, radio, movies, magazines, newspaper, video games, the internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by and advertising agency on behalf of a company.
In Short, Adverb
Information for persuading an motivation people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of Advertisement
a. Promotion
b. Communication
c. Information
* In making an Advertisement keep the following points :
1. Language of Advertisement :
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the Interesting and suggestive expression
Using positive expression
Text of Advertisement should be directed to goal
2. Content of Advertisement :
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not macking to group or other producer
Attractive Attantion
* Advertisement how 3 meaning :
=) Advertisement is a comerical solicitation designed to sell some commodity, service or similar. Companies try to sell their product using.
=) Advertisement is a public notice the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaper in informs it residents of the forthcom in road works.
=) Advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are designed to generate in creased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image "N" brand royality.
For The Example :
Find The Correct Spelling
And Pronunciation more than 80,000 word with
Electronic Dictionary
Made of strong plastic
Comes in to colours : Dark, Gray, and Light Blue
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Advertisement is a communication whose is to inform potential costumers about to generic increased consumetion of those product and throught the creation and reinforcement often contain both factual information and persuasive massage. every major medium is used to deliver these.
Massage, including, television, radio, movies, magazines, newspaper, video games, the internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by and advertising agency on behalf of a company.
In Short, Adverb
Information for persuading an motivation people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of Advertisement
a. Promotion
b. Communication
c. Information
* In making an Advertisement keep the following points :
1. Language of Advertisement :
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the Interesting and suggestive expression
Using positive expression
Text of Advertisement should be directed to goal
2. Content of Advertisement :
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not macking to group or other producer
Attractive Attantion
* Advertisement how 3 meaning :
=) Advertisement is a comerical solicitation designed to sell some commodity, service or similar. Companies try to sell their product using.
=) Advertisement is a public notice the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaper in informs it residents of the forthcom in road works.
=) Advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are designed to generate in creased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image "N" brand royality.
For The Example :
Find The Correct Spelling
And Pronunciation more than 80,000 word with
Electronic Dictionary
Made of strong plastic
Comes in to colours : Dark, Gray, and Light Blue
$104.50
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